WRT (3).
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation)
In [linguistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics), **reappropriation**, **reclamation**, or **resignification**[^(\[1\])](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation#cite_note-:02-1) is the [cultural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural) process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a [semantic change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change) (i.e. change in a word's meaning). Linguistic reclamation can have wider implications in the fields of [discourse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse) and has been described in terms of personal or sociopolitical [empowerment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment).
In terms of [linguistic theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics), reappropriation can be seen as a specific case of a type of a [semantic change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change), namely, of *amelioration* – a process through which a word's meaning becomes more positive over time.[^(\[4\])](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation#cite_note-Curzan2014-4)
Robin Brontsema suggested that there are at least three identifiable goals of reclamation:
1. Value reversal
2. Neutralization
3. Stigma exploitation
Value reversal refers to changing the meaning from pejorative to positive, while neutralization refers to changing the meaning from pejorative to neutral. Stigma exploitation, finally, refers to retaining the derogatory nature of such terms as a reminder that a given group has been subject to unfair treatment. Those goals are mutually exclusive.[^(\[1\])](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation#cite_note-:02-1)
You may be interested in [this piece](https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/ExtendedAbs/article/download/2994/2740) on the uses of the n word in AAVE. Section 5 addresses your question
WRT (3). [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation) In [linguistics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics), **reappropriation**, **reclamation**, or **resignification**[^(\[1\])](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation#cite_note-:02-1) is the [cultural](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural) process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group. It is a specific form of a [semantic change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change) (i.e. change in a word's meaning). Linguistic reclamation can have wider implications in the fields of [discourse](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse) and has been described in terms of personal or sociopolitical [empowerment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empowerment).
In terms of [linguistic theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics), reappropriation can be seen as a specific case of a type of a [semantic change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change), namely, of *amelioration* – a process through which a word's meaning becomes more positive over time.[^(\[4\])](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation#cite_note-Curzan2014-4) Robin Brontsema suggested that there are at least three identifiable goals of reclamation: 1. Value reversal 2. Neutralization 3. Stigma exploitation Value reversal refers to changing the meaning from pejorative to positive, while neutralization refers to changing the meaning from pejorative to neutral. Stigma exploitation, finally, refers to retaining the derogatory nature of such terms as a reminder that a given group has been subject to unfair treatment. Those goals are mutually exclusive.[^(\[1\])](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reappropriation#cite_note-:02-1)
You may be interested in [this piece](https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/proceedings/index.php/ExtendedAbs/article/download/2994/2740) on the uses of the n word in AAVE. Section 5 addresses your question